The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment. NWQ0YmFhODRkNzI2MTBhNWNmZmMxYWQ3YjVjNTc5MTIxN2M2ZDFhYzlhY2U0 The Texas Revolution and the Republic of Texas, 8 Important People of the Texas Revolution, The Life and Legend of David "Davy" Crockett, The Battle of the Alamo: Unfolding Events, Biography of Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, 11-Time President of Mexico, Biography of William Travis, Texas Revolution Hero. The garrison at La Baha was understaffed and could not mount an effective defense of the fort's perimeter. Collinsworth returned to Matagorda to recruit additional soldiers, but on October 14 the remaining Texians at Goliad began the march towards Bxar. They warned the garrisons at Copano and Refugio of the advancing Texians; those garrisons abandoned their posts and joined the soldiers at Fort Lipantitln. Though not as salient as the battle of the Alamo, the massacre immeasurably garnered support for the cause against Mexico both within Texas and in the United States, thus contributing greatly to the Texan victory at the battle of San Jacinto and . [20], With the conclusion of the Seven Years' War in 1767, France ceded Louisiana, and French claims to Texas, to Spain. In 1835, Mexico operated two major garrisons within its Texas territory, the Alamo at San Antonio de Bxar and Presidio La Baha near Goliad. The 1902 Goliad tornado devastated the town, killing 114 people, including Sheriff Robert Shaw, and injuring at least 225. The area was invaded again in 1821. In September, Texians began plotting to kidnap Mexican General Martn Perfecto de Cos, who was en route to Goliad to attempt to quell the unrest in Texas. Goliad Market Days (held on the second Saturday of every month) is an event where produce, arts and crafts, and other retail items are sold. JENNIFER WHITNEY, FREELANCER / SPECIAL TO THE EXPRESS-NEWS. The Texians allegedly planned a dance in Goliad on October 9 and invited the Mexican officers. MTgwZmJmMmRiOTliNDNjNGQ0M2Y3ODY3YTI0NWZkZDYyNjFmOGMwZWQ3Yjg4 By 1804, the settlement had one of only two schools in Texas. Third Battle of Goliad Campaign leads to heavy casualties against Mexican Army although Texas retreat would lead to Mexican victory. In the early-morning hours of October 9, 1835, Texas settlers attacked the Mexican Army soldiers garrisoned at Presidio La Baha, a fort near the Mexican Texas settlement of Goliad. [6], Unbeknownst to Cos, as early as September 18, several Texans, including James Fannin, Philip Dimmitt, and John Linn, had independently begun advocating a plan to seize Cos at either Copano or Goliad. Escandn proposed that 25 Mexican families be relocated near the presidio to form a civilian settlement, but he was unable to find enough willing settlers. [31] The rebels remained in control of the presidio until July or August 1813, when Jos Joaqun de Arredondo led royalist troops in retaking all of Texas. NzQ5MWY1YWEzNDg5NzUxMGY0ODRlMjg5MmNjMDVkZGMxMGYwZTA2NWQxNDhl [7] The returning Spaniards burned the fort and buried the French cannons. Things to do in Seabrook: A guide to Washington's cozy Preorder 'The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom' today. ZDViOWM2OTBmMDhmYTYxMTgxMmJlYTZmYjc0ODhmN2JlZTBlYWU1N2VhNzRj As part of the Mexican invasion of Texas in early 1836, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and his main force of at least 5000 men followed an inland route toward San Antonio. Of the 749 households, 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were not families. ZThiNjY5MDg4NzE3ZWU5YTFmNmI3OGM0NTkyYzE3NDI5MGY2ODM2OGZkZmE1 -----END REPORT-----. YmIxOThiNGIxNjZkYTI4NTEwOGIxMzBjZGNhNDViOTIxY2IxMDY4ZmIxNWNl The presidio was reinforced by soldiers from San Antonio, and Perry and his men were defeated on June 18 near Coleto Creek. [18], In 1747, the Spanish government sent Jos de Escandn to inspect the northern frontier of the North American colonies. at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. ISBN, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/GG/qdg1.html, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. The main body of soldiers arrived in Goliad on October 2. Hearing the commotion, the Mexican soldiers had lined the walls to defend the fort. [54] In his Spanish Missions of Texas, Herbert Malloy Mason remarked that the presidio was one of "the finest examples of By the end of September, there were some 140 armed rebels ready for action in Gonzales. Minster, Christopher. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. Less than a month later, as Houston prepared his men for the. Cos landed at Copano Bay on September 20 with approximately 500soldiers. [18][19] Dimmitt hired two gunsmiths who were able to bring the remaining weapons into service. Historian Hobart Huson speculates that these men were the last to receive word of the planned attack. Enraged Texans shouted "Remember the Alamo!" A civil settlement, then known as La Bahia, soon developed near the presidio. Military and civilian supplies and military personnel were usually sent by sea from the Mexican interior to Copano Bay and then could be transported overland to the Texas settlements. Chilton House was built starting in June and included an underground shelter. The battle was a rout, as hundreds of Mexican soldiers were killed or captured. One Mexican soldier had been killed and three others wounded, while only one Texian had been injured. This map marks the location of Goliad in Texas. While working their way back towards the road, the Texians met Ben Milam, a Texas colonist who had recently escaped from prison in Monterrey. The first declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas was signed here on December 20, 1835. Its hard to not participate in Fiesta because it is a celebration, but we need to have greater conversations., Sarah Martinez is a culture reporter for MySA. In July, Colonel Nicolas Condelle, led 200men to reinforce Presidio La Baha. Dimmitt hired two gunsmiths who were able to bring the remaining weapons into service. [43] Texian troops confiscated the provisions they found at the fort. "The Goliad Massacre." La Baha lay halfway between the only other large garrison of Mexican soldiers (at Presidio San Antonio de Bxar) and the then-important Texas port of Copano. [12][13] After difficulties with France during the 1719-1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance the Spanish determined to increase their military presence in Texas[14] and in 1721 the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, governor of Texas and Coahuila, founded Presidio La Baha on the site of La Salle's former fort. A group of women staged a reenactment of San Jacinto, choosing to throw flowers around the Alamo as their act of warfare. The Texians soon learned that Cos and his men had already departed for San Antonio de Bxar but continued their march. A small city, it is known chiefly as a monument to the Texas revolution, in which Texas fought for its independence from Mexico. [2][9] During the march, for unknown reasons the men fired Carleton and appointed James W. Moore as the new first lieutenant. By 1804, the settlement had one of only two schools in Texas. [9] The Texians sent messengers to alert nearby settlements of their quest. [3] The presidio now sat at the heart of several major trade and military routes. [5] Taking advantage of Spain's disinterest, France in 1685 authorized Robert de La Salle to organize a colony in northern New Spain. Concerned that a lack of artillery would make the presidio at Goliad impossible to capture, the central committee chose not to order an assault. "After the Alamo". [14], As the combined Texian force prepared for battle, they sent a messenger to instruct the alcalde[15] of the city to surrender. A relatively bloodless affair, the only casualty of the Battle of Gonzales was one Mexican soldier who was killed in the fighting. [18] The Mexican troops garrisoned at Bxar would now need to get supplies and reinforcements overland. "[42] The Mexican garrison immediately surrendered. Courtesy Library of Congress. | @smartinezwrites. According to the Kppen Climate Classification system, Goliad has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. At 11pm, the alcade responded that the town would remain neutral, neither surrendering nor fighting. [24], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}283848N 972254W / 28.64667N 97.38167W / 28.64667; -97.38167, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Goliad&oldid=1133927856, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 04:31. This page was last modified on 25 April 2023, at 05:39. It is known for the 1836 Goliad massacre during the Texas Revolution. The Texians also gained control of several cannons. [12] The events that follow are not very clear. The invading army turned south to avoid the trap and quickly captured Presidio La Baha. They warned the garrisons at Copano and Refugio of the advancing Texians; those garrisons abandoned their posts and joined the soldiers at Fort Lipantitln. It is part of the Victoria, Texas, Metropolitan Statistical Area. At 11pm, the alcade responded that the town would remain neutral, neither surrendering nor fighting. One Mexican soldier had been killed and three others wounded, while only one Texian, Samuel McCulloch Jr. had been injured. The Chisme is a culture series looking at San Antonio's fun facts, useless trivia, and, of course, local chisme of varying degrees. The Mexican garrison immediately surrendered. About 19.7% of families and 23.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.5% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over. [2], In early 1835, as the Mexican government transitioned from a federalist model to centralism, wary colonists in Texas began forming Committees of Correspondence and Safety. [17] The Texians quickly hacked through a door on the north wall of the fortress and ran to the interior courtyard. [15] The lone sentinel managed to give the alarm but was immediately shot dead. as they slaughtered the terrified Mexicans as they tried to flee. [19] The Mexican troops garrisoned at Bxar would now need to get supplies and reinforcements overland. On Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, in what was later called the Goliad Massacre, 303 were marched out of the fort to be executed, and 39 were executed inside the presidio . Although Fannin and his men attempted a relief mission, they abandoned the attempt the following day. It was restored in the 1960s and became a National Historic Landmark in 1967. Texans held the area until March 1836, when their garrison under Colonel James Fannin was defeated at the nearby Battle of Coleto. M2UxYzkzYjY1MDk4OGQ5MGRhOTRhOWJmZDU1NDU3ZjljMDllNjQ0MzIwMzkw The food, clothing, blankets, and other provisions were valued at US$10,000. [22] For the next three months, the provisions were parceled out among companies in the Texian Army. [34], By 1835, La Baha was one of two major garrisons within Mexican Texas, alongside the Alamo at Bxar. Although Urrea requested that Santa Anna treat the prisoners with clemency, on March 27, 1836, the men were marched from the fort and executed by Mexican soldiers, in an event known as the Goliad massacre. News: GOLIAD Oct. 10, 1835 "THE BATTLE OF GOLIAD!" BREAKING NEWS! In the Battle of Goliad, the Texas Revolution was anything but over. U.S. Route 59 passes through the center of town as Pearl Street, leading northeast 26 miles (42km) to Victoria and southwest 29 miles (47km) to Beeville. Dr. Louis Warren Chilton, a young doctor whose wife was injured and whose daughter was lifted in the tornado funnel but survived, set up a temporary hospital and morgue in the courthouse. After appointing their leaders, the men decided to march on La Baha. MGFhODdkZDk0ZmQ1MzkxOTg2ZTFjYjUyZTFjNjQ1NGY5MzcyZmRjZTYwMzhk He also requested not to be shot in the head and to have a decent burial: he was shot in the head, looted, burned and dumped into a mass grave. YThjMTUyMWMxN2U2MjkxNmY0ZDVlMDYwMDVmZjNkNTNiZDhmNmY1YjE5YjY4 The Texians crossed the river and attacked the Mexican camp on the misty morning of October 2, 1835. Using axes borrowed from townspeople, Texians were able to chop through a door and enter the complex before the bulk of the soldiers were aware of their presence. [6] Believing the French colony was a threat to Spanish mining interests and shipping routes, Spanish King Carlos II's Council of War recommended that "Spain needed swift action 'to remove this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America. A chapel had also been built for the presidio. After a 30-minute battle, the Mexican garrison surrendered and the Texians gained control of the presidio, which they soon renamed Fort Defiance. The Texians divided themselves into four groups, each assigned a different approach to the presidio. Escandn proposed that 25Mexican families be relocated near the presidio to form a civilian settlement but was unable to find enough willing settlers. Minster, Christopher. It is known for the 1836 Goliad massacre during the Texas Revolution. The Goliad Massacre: On March 27, 1836, over three hundred rebellious Texan prisoners, most of them captured a few days before while battling the Mexican army, were executed by Mexican forces. [24], The Mexican War of Independence began in 1810 at the instigation of Miguel Hidalgo. Fannin showed no signs of haste, and on the banks of Coleto Creek Mexican General Jos de Urrea and his men attacked. [20], Over the next several days, more Texian settlers joined the group at La Baha. Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign documents recognizing Texas' independence, effectively ending the war. Although no accurate muster rolls were kept, historian Stephen Hardin estimated that the Texian ranks swelled to 125men. Create a bonsai tree out of bricks with this $40 LEGO set, Save on AeroGarden indoor herb growing kits at Amazon. In the afternoon, Mexican cavalry appeared: the Texans struck up a defensive position. Each time the insurgents were later defeated by Spanish troops. Although Fiesta is embedded into San Antonio culture, the celebrations roots are problematic to some. [6], On October 6, members of the Texian militia in Matagorda convened at the home of Sylvanus Hatch. The festivities grew over the years andinspired a variety of events, including the Flambeau parade (the night parade), the Battle of Flowers Band Festival, Fiesta Fiesta, Cornyation, A Night in Old San Antonio, Taste of New Orleans, and plenty others. They were soon tangled in a mesquite thicket. ZWE5ZjhiNzNhYWU0YTgwZmM0ODMwOTFhNmEzNmFlNjQwOTEwZjE2YmRlNjNm After appointing their leaders, the men decided to march on La Baha. The plan was initially dismissed by the central committee coordinating the rebellion. In October 1835, days after the beginning of the Texas Revolution, a group of Texian insurgents marched on La Baha. As soon as Cos's warships were spotted approaching Copano Bay, Refugio colonists sent messengers to San Felipe de Austin and Matagorda to inform the other settlements of Cos's imminent arrival. In this campaign the Mexican army under Gen. Martn Perfecto de Cos intended to reinforce existing Mexican garrisons at Refugio and Goliad and to . Mjg4NGQ5NzIwYjkxYmY0YTliNjJkZTk0NmU1MjQ1N2FjNThjYWE0YmVmNjQy eyJtZXNzYWdlIjoiMTI2YmE0YjFkMDhiYzJiOWI1OTQxNDFjMWRmZWQ2NTQ0 and Martha E.S. [6], Unbeknownst to Cos, as early as September 18, several Texians, including James Fannin, Philip Dimmitt, and John Lin, had independently begun advocating a plan to seize Cos at either Copano or Goliad. Minster, Christopher. [10], France during the subsequent decades established a presence in Louisiana, causing the Spanish to see their claimed territories threatened with French exploitation and colonization. "Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 18351836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution". [48], On the morning of February 26, 1836, he set out with 320men, 4cannon, and several supply wagons for the 90 miles (140km) march from Goliad to the Alamo. [19] The Mexican garrison immediately surrendered. Have you ever stopped to ask pero like, why? They intended to kidnap Cos and, if possible, steal the estimated $50,000 that was rumored to accompany him. She is a San Antonio native and an alumna of Syracuse University. It was not to be. The Southside native says that narrative casts Mexicans as the bad guys and has had lasting repercussions. Salcedo promptly began a siege of the fort. At 11pm, the alcade responded that the town would remain neutral, neither surrendering nor fighting. They warned the garrisons at Copano and Refugio of the advancing Texians; those garrisons abandoned their posts and joined the soldiers at Fort Lipantitln. It led at least partially to the Texan victory at the Battle of San Jacinto, however. The Texans fired their long rifles and cannons at the Mexican cavalry, inflicting heavy damage, but during the fighting, the main Mexican host under the command of Jos Urrea arrived, and they were able to surround the rebel Texans. On March 11, Fannin received word from Sam Houston, overall commander of the Texan army. Goliad. One of the new arrivals, merchant Philip Dimmitt, received a missive from the Goliad customs agent with news that Cos and his war chest had already departed La Baha to travel to San Antonio de Bxar. [47] The Goliad garrison had no horses to move the wagons and artillery and were forced to rely on oxen. U.S. Route 183 (Jefferson Street) crosses US 59 northeast of the original center of town; US 183 leads north 31 miles (50km) to Cuero and south 26 miles (42km) to Refugio. The exclusion was reward for McCulloch's service and his injury. Historian Hobart Huson speculates that these men were the last to receive word of the planned attack. "The Goliad Massacre." After the fall of the Alamo, General Sam Houston ordered Fannin to abandon La Baha. NmQ0NTUxYzE5NjYxYTZhYjEzOWM3YTdiNGU1NDk2MWRmOGU3N2VkNDM0NGJj It had a population of 1,620 at the 2020 census. Estimates of Mexican casualties range from one to three soldiers killed and from three to seven wounded. For a lot of folks in our community its really hard to grapple with the historical origins of Fiesta, like the racial history of Fiesta because it is rooted in white supremacy, in racism, in this sense of, Hey, white people won the war, Saldaa says. He renamed the presidio Fort Defiance. ZmJiY2E3Y2M2YTEyZjllNWNkY2I1ZGRhNDU1MTYyNTA4YTYyN2FhMGE3N2Q2 Hearing the commotion, the Mexican soldiers had lined the walls to defend the fort. MTg0ODg0YjBjMjgzNjMyNTZhMzhmZDYwM2NmNjU2OGRlMmRmNjM4MmNhNjc2 The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was distributed as 26.3% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.8% who were 65 years of age or older. Although Sandoval, Captain Manuel Sabriego, and Lieutenant Jesus de la Garza briefly attended the dance, they suspected mischief and returned to the fort. La Salle intended to put his colony along the Mississippi River, but poor maps and improper navigation decisions led La Salle's expedition to the west shore of Matagorda Bay in Spanish Texas. Concerned that a lack of artillery would make the presidio at Goliad impossible to capture, the central committee chose not to order an assault. Historian Hobart Huson speculates that these men were the last to receive word of the planned attack. During a pause in the fighting, a Texian spokesperson yelled out that the Texians would "massacre everyone of you, unless you come out immediately and surrender. '"[6] After several years of searching, in early 1689 a Spanish expedition led by Alonso de Len located the site of Fort Saint Louis. YTIwOGEyZWU1ZGU4ZTZlNWM5ODZmZjUxYWRlYiIsInNpZ25hdHVyZSI6IjE0 and "Remember Goliad!" [17] One wounded Mexican soldier was allowed to remain in Goliad, as was Captain Manuel Sabriego, who was married to a local woman. The hall is still presenting some of the biggest names in country music today as it has for generations. New York: Anchor Books, 2004. The cold front reached Goliad that evening, and the poorly-dressed soldiers were "quickly chilled and miserable" in the driving rain. http://www.thc.texas.gov This 360-degree video is the full film by the Texas Historical Commission (THC) about the Goliad Massacre, which took place in Mar. The exclusion was reward for McCulloch's service and his injury. [45], The Texians were escorted back to La Baha, arriving by March 22, 1836. ZDlkYzQxNGVhNjRhOTI2MjdlN2M2ZWZmNDc5MWU3ZGQ3NDU4MjhiYTVlYjFi On March 27, 1836, the Texian captives were marched outside the presidio walls and executed, an event known as the Goliad massacre. In the early-morning hours of October 9, 1835, Texas settlers attacked the Mexican Army soldiers garrisoned at Presidio La Baha, a fort near the Mexican Texas settlement of Goliad. Victoria Espinosa, 7, blows her horn along Commerce St. during the Battle of Flowers parade Friday April 23, 2010. The Goliad Independent School District [1] serves Goliad. There was much confusion: no one spoke both English and Spanish, so negotiations were carried out in German, as a handful of soldiers on each side spoke that language. Alamo commander William B. Travis immediately sent a courier to Fannin, asking him to provide reinforcements to the Alamo. [6], The loss of Goliad meant that Cos lost his means of communicating with Copano Bay, the closest port to Bxar. [1][11][15], The main body of Texian soldiers, under Collinsworth, became disoriented in the dark and wandered from the road. It may be that Fannin agreed to an unconditional surrender on the basis that Urrea would put in a good word for the prisoners with General Santa Anna. Rebellion in Texas Tensions had long been simmering between rebellious Texans and Mexico. Military and civilian supplies and military personnel were usually sent by sea from the Mexican interior to Copano Bay and then could be transported overland to the Texas settlements. In April 1725 the friars requested that the mission be moved to a more favorable location. They reported that Sandoval commanded only 50menfar fewer than the number necessary to defend the entire perimeter of the fortand provided directions to the fort. The presidio was at the crossroads of several major trade and military routes. Goliad is located near the center of Goliad County at 2840N 9724W / 28.667N 97.400W / 28.667; -97.400 (28.669, -97.392). The victory isolated Cos's men in Bxar from the coast, forcing them to rely on a long overland march to request or receive reinforcements or supplies. Founded on the San Antonio River, it is the county seat of Goliad County. The Mexican troops garrisoned at Bxar would now need to get supplies and reinforcements overland. Due to a shortage of funds the Spanish government chose not to establish any presidios. The Texian Army commander, Stephen F. Austin, later released all of the men, on the condition that they leave Texas and vow to stop fighting Texas residents. ZGU5OTAxMDljYjNhNjdkZDE1YzI3NTZlYzRiMjQyOGI2NzhjMjgyYzdiMzYz The Battle of Flowers Parade reaches the southeast corner of Alamo Plaza in the early 1900s. 30 citizens had their lives saved. During the Texas Revolution, the presidio was the site of the Battle of Goliad in October 1835, and the Goliad massacre in March 1836. For every 100 females, there were 91.0 males. The rebels controlled the presidio until July or August 1813, when Jos Joaqun de Arredondo led royalist troops in retaking all of Texas. By 1771, the presidio had been rebuilt in stone and had become "the only Spanish fortress for the entire Gulf Coast from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the Mississippi River". The main body of Texian soldiers, under Collinsworth, became disoriented in the dark and wandered from the road. Collinsworth returned to Matagorda to recruit additional soldiers, but on October 14 the remaining Texians at Goliad began the march towards Bxar. Considered first battle of the Goliad Campaign to retake Gulf Coast during the Revolution, and first victory by Mexican forces. [5] Cos briefly toured the port at Copano Bay and the small garrison at nearby Refugio and left small groups of soldiers to reinforce each of these locations. For the next four months, Texas governor Manuel Mara de Salcedo laid siege to the fort. As night fell, the Texans ran out of water and ammunition and were forced to surrender. With the conclusion of the Seven Years' War in 1763, France ceded Louisiana and its Texas claims to Spain. Colonists eagerly rushed to assist, and on October 2 the Battle of Gonzales officially opened the Texas Revolution. Soldiers alternated guard duty at the presidio and the mission; others were assigned to guard the presidio horses or to protect supply trains coming from the Rio Grande or San Antonio de Bxar from attacks by Lipan Apache raiding parties. The Texians staged a minor revolt against customs duties in June; these Anahuac Disturbances prompted Mexican President Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna to send additional troops to Texas. Founded in 1721 on the ruins of the failed French Fort Saint Louis, the presidio was moved to a location on the Guadalupe River in 1726. It was located in Goliad County, Texas, TX.there were one Generals on each side santa anna was the general for the mexican army and sam houston was the general for the texas army.Casualties for both sides. [6], Texian troops confiscated the provisions they found at the fort. March 2, 1836 - Battle of Agua Dulce. NDIwYTYzYzEyNjc5YTkxNDIyNzE3MGY4MzUzMGViNmNlN2U1MjMxY2ExZWM4 MzczMGNjMGI4YTQxNWY5MTQxMzk3MTFmNTAzNDhmNDYzMjkzZDEzNWEyOTg5 The garrison at La Baha was understaffed and could not mount an effective defense of the fort's perimeter. [23] The food, clothing, blankets, and other provisions were valued at US$10,000. There were 877 housing units at an average density of 574.7 per square mile (221.3/km2). NDUxYmM2MjBmNzJlZjI3ZGViYzljZDFhNDk5MDg1NmNjYjZiMjBhNzg0MmY0
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