Can you think of any examples? Isoseismal maps of the ten earthquakes reported in Myanmar and neighboring areas during 1912-2006 AD. If you prefer, click on the map for desired A new relationship between macroseismic intensity and engineering ground-motion parameter is contributed for the Myanmar region by comparing the MMI gathered from 10 isoseismal maps with the inferred PGA. (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931, in which intensity is considered to be more suitably graded. and Fumal, T.E. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. Indiana University, 1. WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, New Madrid, MO: "A number of residents noted 'geysers of mud' ejected from the levees adjacent to the Mississippi. Students learn about the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes.copyrightCopyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. WebA new 3-D earthquake simulator with a vibrating platform approximately 7 by 4 meters, has recently been. May feel like a heavy truck passing by. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface. Jefferson City, MO: "Hotel residents complained of a sound like 'a truck crashing into the building. (Grade OFFICE OF RESEARCH of the MMI scale (i.e., felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. WebThe most commonly used earthquake intensity scale is the Modified Mercalli earthquake intensity scale. It is influenced by the amount of kinetic energy released, the At each location assign simulated, basing on either actually recorded or synthesized 3-D digital strong-motion data. Chimneys may be slightly damaged. Slight structural damage. '", 14. XII. Sleepers awaken. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Thus, in contrast to the Richter Magnitude scale, which assigns a single value to represent the overall size of an earthquake, the intensity values for a given quake range from site to site. Do you agree with this alignment? On 8th August 1929, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.0 was generated in Pegu, central Myanmar. Today, we are going to look at the Mercalli Scale's damage rating and create a booklet to help inform citizens of potential danger. For example, MMI 6 corresponds to a peak ground velocity of about 50 mm/s.Intensity is easy to use, even for historic earthquakes. Although in the Northern Hemisphere, antipode usually refers to Australia or New Zealand. z/76 E1(S=C50R6*C?dzy}5n`u%]|QJ. California's Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 was a 7.1. IX. [14], as shown in Equation (1). ", 5. Nowadays, the moment magnitude scale is the most commonly used system. Fall of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices. Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. These are briefly detailed as follows. Rating earthquakes helps engineers determine which ones are going to cause the most damage so they can warn people in advance. A modified Mercalli intensity scale is used to quantify the earthquake's effects. Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? ", 2. xms6g&/&f2M%Wf? @q&E8@~! WebThe most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 46, 317-320. Teachers Association. The first of these, the Mandalay earthquake, was generated at the central part of the Sagiang Fault Zone and the second, the Tounggyi earthquake, occurred in the Moei-Tounggyi Fault Zone [4,5] eastwards of Myanmar. The intensities experienced at different sites depend primarily on the distance from the source to each site. However, for MMI values of equal to or larger than level VI, which mainly represent the destruction of infrastructures or buildings, the same PGA generates a higher MMI level than the other regions. The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related It is a 12-point scale, ranging from sites that experience barely perceptible vibration (MM I) to those that experience total devastation (MM XII). Review the purpose of the Mercalli Scale with the students, as described in the Introduction/Motivation section. Hanging objects swing. Hold on to your shelter with one hand until the shaking stops. These variations can be considerable, even over short distances. }> Y'.a +*(Ezx.8 Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Noticed by drivers of automobiles. Landslides. Okamoto, S. (1973) Introduction to earthquake engineering. Photographs will be taken throughout the day. and Worden, C.B. Thus, in this study, the PGA values used for calibration with the MMI are inferred using the groundmotion attenuation characteristic of Boore et al. Little Rock, AR: "Residents of the Holiday Inn noted that the water sloshed out of the swimming pool during the quake. Copyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. Maximum intensity normally occurs near the earthquake epicentre, with intensity values then decreasing with distance. Information, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database, Natural Hazards Map Viewer - Significant Earthquakes Layer, Information Considerable damage to poorly built structures. Total damage. The earthquake "size" which is the energy released is. Most masonry and frame structures and their foundations destroyed. Empirically, the macroseismic intensity is most frequently related to the PGA because this engineering ground-motion parameter is the most commonly correlated parameter to structural damage and it is important for seismic resistant structure design [12]. For example: "Rio de Janeiro, RJ". destruction, designated by Roman numerals. V. Felt outdoors; direction may be estimated. Difficult to stand. This is a web site through which Landslides. (ed. 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_natdis_lesson03_activity3, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tornadoes & More. The scale was developed at the turn of the century by the Italian volcanologist G. Mercalli, and subsequently revised by American seismologists H.O. Pull over, stop, and engage the handbrake. Rails bent greatly. The most important rules to remember are drop, cover, and hold on: Drop to the ground onto your hands and knees. Do you agree with this alignment? 5), Analyze and interpret data identifying ways Earth's surface is constantly changing through a variety of processes and forces such as plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, solar influences, climate, and human activity and linked to the related tsunami event or significant volcanic eruption. Wide cracks in Intensity. Numerous intensity scales have been developed over Make sure you understandEarthquake! Felt by almost everyone, wakes many. Many old wooden buildings have collapsed into the street, and virtually all of the brick buildings are destroyed. Rhodes, B.P., Perez, R., Lamjuan, A. and Kosuwan, S. (2004) Kinematics and tectonic implications of the Mae Kuang Fault, northern Thailand. or greater, or the earthquake generated a tsunami. With the use of an intensity scale, it is possible to summarize such data for an earthquake by constructing isoseismal curves, which are lines that connect points of equal intensity. effects. In addition to the MMI reported in Myanmar, two isoseismal maps obtained from macroseismic intensity investigations in Thailand are added. WebStep 1 Type the name of the city and the state of the hypothetical earthquake, and then click "Center". Small bells ring (church, school). to the size of seismic waves produced during a quake. ", 11. What Should I Do Before, During, and After an Earthquake? 3 0 obj from publication: Damage Observations Following the Mw 7.8 2016 Kaikoura Cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. If you're interested in the latest earthquakes in your region or only the most recent earthquakes (as they are happening all the time! Use it as the earthquakes' magnitude calculator to compare two earthquakes' magnitudes. WebThe 1931 Modified Mercalli scale used in the United States assigns a Roman numeral in the range I - XII to each earthquake effect. Ask the students: With Words and Pictures: Have students write a sentence on the bottom of each page of their information booklet describing their illustration of the Mercalli Scale rating. - 1979, Including Quantitative Casualties III: Noticeable indoors, especially on upper However, today seismologists more commonly rely on what is While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable Thus, all values of PGA in each MMI are averaged statistically. of Commerce, ICSU-WDS > International Council for Science - World Data System. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. Evansville, IN: "The smokestack of the Sterling Brewery collapsed in downtown Evansville. Return to: Potential to Kinetic | Dynamic Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. from FEMA at no cost by calling 1-800-480-2520. Shabestari, K.T. Few, if any, structures standing. Branches broken from trees. above, whereas two earthquakes were located in the southern and northern parts of Thailand. Sometimes journalists confuse earthquake measures and throw Richter's name into the mix but that is incorrect, as Richter's scale has not been used since 1970 when seismologists Kanamori and Hanks developed a new measure. Motions up to an intensity VIII+ in the MM Scale can be. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. The class could even draw one level of the scale at a time together. Objects thrown up into air. 36 Questions from Britannicas Most Popular Science Quizzes. What does it measure? Krinitzsky, E.L. and Chang, F.K. (1958) Elementary seismology. on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, AAA Area of the fault rupture (cm2), which is the estimated area over which the earthquake has occurred. Learn how the Richter scale measures magnitude and the Mercalli scale measures intensity of an earthquake. Brown, J.C. and Leicester, P. (1933) The Pyu earthquake of 3rd and 4th December, 1930 and subsequent Burma earthquakes up to January 1932. Several scales of measurement have been developed. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Can they think of examples where something has a rating or a level? to Present (1979). Read the newspaper reports for each city and assign Mercalli intensity values to each of the reporting areas based on the classifications in Table 1 above. Springfield, IL: "Most of the hotel guests were abruptly awoken by a strong tremor last night", 25. From a scientific standpoint, the magnitude scale is based on seismic records while the Mercalli is based on observable data which can be subjective. exist. . WebABBREVIATED MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE; REFLECTION QUESTIONS; Contributors and Attributions; Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. Avoid buildings, trees, power lines, and signs if you can. U.S. Department of Commerce, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department Usually (but not always) the highest intensities are Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 1313-1325. Depending on where you are, different recommendations exist: Stay there! This postcard shows the damage effect of different earthquakes From Figure 2, it is revealed that the series of MMIPGA calibration vary in individual MMI range. the measurement of the maximum motion recorded by a seismograph. Modified Mercallit (MM) Scale Primary wave (P wave) Richter, Charles Francis (19001985) Secondary wave (S wave) Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards Tectonic Tremor Bibliography Arias, A., 1970. Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, X. Understand how a community could use the Mercalli Scale. Waves seen on ground. Let's assume that you remember an earthquake a couple of years ago, which has a magnitude of 7.1. A significant earthquake is classified as one that meets Bridges destroyed. However, because of the many unsymmetrical geologic factors influencing intensity, the curves are often far from circular. W.H. The strongest earthquake ever recorded the one in Chile in 1960 was 8.6 on the Richter magnitude scale but had a moment magnitude of ~9.5. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, 2100 BC to Present, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database, 4360 BC to Present, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931, Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. Circle skirt calculator makes sewing circle skirts a breeze. In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; In order not to be biased by this effect, the Modified Mercalli scale attempts to allow for varying effects on different types of construction. on observed effects. Relationship between the PGA (cm/s2) and the MMI scale. ", 18. Often, several slightly different magnitudes are reported for an earthquake. Also, it's essential to make sure that you know what to do during an earthquake before you're caught in one. Richter, C.F. After that, on 5th May 1930, a Mw-7.3 earthquake occurred again in southern Myanmar, generating a maximum MMI level of IX. How they think engineers and scientists measure earthquake damage? Earthquake Spectra, 15, 537-555. you can report your own experiences during an earthquake, so that China, Iran, and Turkey lead in the category of the most catastrophic earthquakes (damages, fatalities, etc.). Masks are expected for indoor activities. Serious damage to reservoirs. Khin and Win [7] reported that the macroseismic intensities were up to a level of VIII in a radius of 150 km from its source. Note that not all lessons and activities will exist under a unit, and instead may exist as "standalone" curriculum. Damage to weak masonry. To protect people from the force of earthquakes, they continually improve the methods used to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. 5), Develop and communicate an evidence based scientific explanation around one or more factors that change Earth's surface Thipyopass, S. (2010) Paleoearthquake investigation along the ranong fault zone, southern Thailand. This method of obtaining data is not enough for the numerical analysis of seismic hazards and in particular is not sufficient for engineering purposes [3]. Indiana University Detailed Description. Difficult to stand. The Richter magnitude is based on the wave amplitude recorded by seismographs. Difficult to stand. 2 0 obj Giant Wave Characteristics and Causes, Survive That Tsunami! WebThe effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred to as its intensity. The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog Are there any suggestions for improvement? Furniture broken. Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. Carbondale, IL: "Major damage was sustained only in new, prefabricated dwellings. We thank the Publication Counseling Unit (PCU), the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University for a critical review and improved English. Hanging objects quivering. A strong groundmotion database including 34 moderate to large earthquakes is used along with the corresponding modified Mercalli Class Discussion: As a class, have students engage in open discussion. Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. To calculate the amount of released energy from an earthquake, we've implemented Gutenberg and Richter's equation in this earthquake calculator: The most powerful earthquake ever recorded happened in Chile in 1960. [14]. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface. Get the inside scoop on all things TeachEngineering such as new site features, curriculum updates, video releases, and more by signing up for our newsletter!