Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka became the worlds first female prime minister in 1960; her daughter, Chandrika Kumaratunga, also became both prime minister and president. 0000043115 00000 n The movements, thus, have become contested power games around the issues of class, caste/ethnicity, gender, region and development. You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. The forces pursued a grim counterinsurgency policy: extrajudicial killings, disappearances, and a heavy security footprint coupled with surveillance and monitoring. Despite having a long historical background, critics suggest that the social movements are increasingly contested with identity politics and agrarian issues. Survey data from the report suggests that in late 2021 and early 2022, migration flows are associated with movement from areas hit hard by the pandemic to those that were not, thus helping equilibrate demand and supply of labor in the aftermath of the COVID-19 shock. -- Volume 33, Number 1, March 2018, Editorial Board Washington, DC 20036-2103. WebISSUES IN SOUTH ASIA engagement between the two, barring perhaps a few minor border skirmishes in selected areas. Despite having a long historical background, critics suggest that the social movements are increasingly contested with identity politics and agrarian issues. Tensions between Hindus and Muslims go back to before 1947, and religious violence has erupted occasionally since. It is the most comprehensive book on the market about the geography of Asia. -- Volume 31, Number 2, July 2016, Editorial Board 4 These three sources are the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (https://acleddata.com/), the Pak Institute for Peace Studies series of Pakistan Security Reports (https://www.pakpips.com/publications#1512730923805-d52fde57-07fa), and the SATP (see above). A silent mental health crisis exists among South Asian communities. Despite the history of female leadership in the region, many women in South Asia face significant challenges throughout their entire lives. Secondly, policymakers can de-risk migration through several means including more flexible visa policies, mechanisms to support migrant workers during shocks, and social protection programs. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. All rights reserved. The last two decades have seen both a dramatic decrease in insurgency-related violence and a noticeable growth in state coercive power. -- Volume 33, Number S, 2018, Editorial Board Some of the reasons include intergenerational conflict or the stress of adapting into western society. -- Volume 30, Number 3, November 2015, Editorial Board The growing size and resources of internal security forces, consolidation of powerful regimes, and changed international environment may have made rebellion increasingly unsustainable, even when political grievances remain. As in the mountainous peripheries where the state waged counterinsurgency against the TTP, due process and rule of law have been troubled in the Karachi operations. A set of deals with local warlords and TTP splinters created partners for the security forces; rather than monopolizing violence, the security apparatus has used other non-state armed groups as tools of power projection and local control. Islamist cells have launched dramatic terror attacks but, especially since 2016, these were met with intense repression and have decreased in frequency. 0000002992 00000 n Its constitution recognizes twenty-two languages, and its population is bigger than Africas. wL/O0jG&rR>w y]YO_W! ;Kw6A?KFkdfA&A67iug!~W\?mnbydk1KS1YQzsL0]|m At the same time, violence in Karachi, insurgency in Balochistan, and sectarian militia activities added further layers of violence to Pakistans political landscape. This in turn affects social cohesion and gender equality in the region. Dragons and Tigers is the only textbook that covers all three regions South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia in one textbook. The Northeast is also the site of Indias most successful peace deals in internal conflicts. Immigrant Asians were slightly more likely than U.S.-born Asians to be homeowners in 2019 (60% vs. 56%). -- Volume 28, Number 2, July 2013, Editorial Board To this day, money sent back home by these migrant workers accounts for as much as a third of some countries economies. Riots between Hindu and Muslim groups in India killed over a thousand people in 2002. A map showing the number of movies released from India's states and territories, each of which has its own primary language. Global data and statistics, research and publications, and topics in poverty and development, The World Banks digital platform for live-streaming, Environmental and Social Policies for Projects, International Development Association (IDA). xref -- Volume 32, Number 2, July 2017, Editorial Board %PDF-1.4 % -- Volume 38, Number 1, March 2023, Editorial Board Inflation in South Asia, caused by elevated global food and energy prices and trade restrictions that worsened food insecurity in the region, is expected to rise to 9.2 percent this year before gradually subsiding. Empirical High Population Density Makes Region Vulnerable to Climate, Health Challenges, Projected Populations for India and China. This is not a simple story of state capacity, however: coercive power has been deployed in selective ways, including cases in which a state ignores or cooperates with non-state armed groups, from militias to vigilantes. For many youth, entering into a relationship prior to marriage is discouraged. Other film industries include Tollywood for Telugu-language films and Sandalwood for Kannada-language films. A 16 year old boy prepares to marry a young girl in Indore, India, on May 15, 2002, despite a government ban on under-age nuptials. 0000042912 00000 n The film industry is one of Indias most prominent cultural exports. Third, the international environment has changed in the last fifteen years. endstream endobj 79 0 obj <>stream The movements, thus, have become contested power games around the issues of class, caste/ethnicity, gender, region and development. While the true number of conflict-related fatalities is difficult to ascertain, all indications suggest a sustained and quite dramatic drop in conflict-related fatalities in the Northeast. Meanwhile, Bangladeshanother neighboraccommodates a population over half the size of the United States in an area the size of Iowa. During monsoon season, Dhaka and Mumbais streets flood regularly due to clogged drains and the cities low elevation. The three main river systems in South Asia are the Indus, the Ganges (or Ganga), and the Brahmaputra. This is another reason for mental health challenges like depression and anxiety, especially in women who may feel like they are putting the familys honour at risk by dating. Bangladesh provided support for insurgents in the past, but the Awami League government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has been fairly friendly to India. The third is a sprawling belt in central and eastern India where various Maoist insurgent groups (known as Naxalites) have been operating for decades. -- Volume 29, Number 1, March 2014, Editorial Board Here are seven challenges the bloc faces in promoting sustainable economic growth, and suggested steps to solve them. Finally, domestic political instability can provide both opportunity and motivation for insurgency. Afghanistan is not producing national accounts statistics since August 2021, so they are excluded from the table. -- Volume 32, Number 1, March 2017, Editorial Board South Asian countries report the highest prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) globally. With all this linguistic, ethnic, and political diversity, how has India stuck together as a single country for so long? As a result, millions of people from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan looking for work traveled north to Russia, where wages were higher, jobs were plentiful, and the language was familiar. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. -- Volume 36, Number 3, November 2021, Editorial Board Bangladesh brought down cases of cholera and diarrheal disease by 95 percent between 2003 and 2013 by promoting good hygiene through handwashing public awareness campaigns and the construction of millions of toilets and latrines. startxref With this knowledge, they can identify some of the early signs of mental health issues. The countries of South Asia are incredibly diverse, so there are no simple takeaways from these trends. -- Volume 25, Number 2, October 2010, Editorial Board In the first decade of the twenty-first century, anti-state rebellions were an endemic feature of South Asias political landscape. ;`w#O*>Brq` pdtw:E7[mEb"0pf"AEA57A{)c HTM0Wj|4,t5LG$};LV$!u~Izke@F(/_z2f:TD&P^GJ,&A)Q)mrv8VVQEb WebSouth Asia as the most dangerous place on Earth because of the rivalry between the two nuclear powers India and Pakistan over a number of issues. Furthermore, there is little systematic data on nonfatal human rights violations, such as torture and sexual violence. Depending on where the state has perceived threats and where armed groups have been willing to work with it, there have been dramatically different landscapes of violence. Exports and the services sector in India, the regions largest economy, have recovered more strongly than the world average while its ample foreign reserves served as a buffer to external shocks. In a number of cases, a self-sustaining, pro-state political order remains distant, and the security apparatus is instead needed to deter or contain resistance. Another major source of political violence in Pakistan was militarized electoral competition in Karachi, where the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)an armed political party with a strong base among ethnic Muhajirshad been a crucial presence in the city since the 1980s. Figure 4 draws on three datasets on political violence in Pakistan over time.4 While they examine somewhat different definitions of violence, and all of the crucial caveats about data quality outlined above for India hold for Pakistan as well, the basic trend of sharply decreasing fatalities in political violence over the last decade is consistent across them. This blend of repression and collusion has reduced direct anti-state violence. And in Nepal, a Maoist insurgency fought its way into a stalemate with Nepals security forces by 2005. Get the latest news from World101, including teaching resources and special offers. Y$+nEq7q4},@B-A)?XH;Y.GQ4TU Performance & security by Cloudflare. Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses. Across India, fans have built temples in honor of their most beloved stars. The main reason is the general scarcity of two critical resources essential to the development and implementation of such policies: capital and technology. Governments have established greater control of previously contested territories, deployed new technologies of surveillance, and, in some cases, fused party rule with state coercive power. There have been sustained and credible allegations of human rights violations by Indian security forces and various insurgent groups, major disruptions to civilian life, In Sri Lanka, the Tamil Tigers reached their peak of power between 2002 and 2005. Pakistans Benazir Bhutto became the first woman to lead a Muslim-majority democratic country, serving as prime minister from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996. -- Volume 35, Number 1, March 2020, Editorial Board hTn0E|,[um)Bj,CM=!E*. -- Volume 28, Number 1, March 2013, Editorial Board xb```lw@ (q.67g!gF..g\Q8gr=e`N:fd,qH'aT!#-WB9N As commonly conceptualised, South Asia consists of the countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, with Afghanistan also often included.. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian subcontinent and defined This conflict, which experienced a resurgence in 2005, has not gone away and continues to be politically important. endstream endobj 77 0 obj <>stream WebMost Indians do not identify as South Asian, raising concerns for the viability of it as a classification. These gender inequalities continue into adulthood. With 1.3 Billion People, India Is a Continent of Its Own. The political landscape of South Asia has changed dramatically in the last two decades. Regions of the World, Return to And religious minorities in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh often face severe persecution and receive almost no government protections. This urban boom presents challenges for governments in megacitieslike Dhaka, Bangladesh and Mumbai, Indiathat struggle to provide services like transportation and sanitation for their inhabitants. A chart showing the projected populations of India and China over the next several decades, with India's population surpassing China's before 2030. get ideas into movement. endstream endobj 74 0 obj <> endobj 75 0 obj <> endobj 76 0 obj <>stream For instance, Nepals peace process is a model of civil war termination through a political settlement, while the Sri Lanka governments destruction of the LTTE left a trail of dead and displaced civilians. -- Volume 25, Number 1, April 2010, Editorial Board Indias coercive apparatus, meanwhile, is vast and growing, but ideological hubris and political exclusion risk backlash. Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. What are the main social problems in South Asia? This site uses cookies to optimize functionality and give you the best possible experience. There is not a clear partisan dynamic in these changes. Finally, the Naxalite insurgency gained power and reach between 2004 and 2010, particularly in the Indian states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. -- Volume 22, Number 2, October 2007, Editorial Board -- Volume 23, Number 1, April 2008, Editorial Board The action you just performed triggered the security solution. WebNature-Society relations provide the foundation for social, economic, political, and environmental problems. Rather, it is exposing in a single word the reason why overcoming systemic violence based on gender is so difficult. Yet by 2020, the state is ascendant in South Asia. 63 0 obj <> endobj As the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia have drifted from Russia, they have looked to their own past to forge, or reassert, post-Soviet national identities. Pakistan is reported at factor cost. Its home to 1.3 billion people and has twenty-two official regional languages. WebClimate change in South Asia is having significant impacts already which are expected to intensify as global temperatures rise due to climate change.The South Asia region consists of the eight countries Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka.In the 2017 edition of Germanwatch's Climate Risk Index, Bangladesh and The combined effects of COVID-19 and the record-high commodity prices due to the war in Ukraine took a heavier toll on Sri Lanka, exacerbating its debt woes and depleting foreign reserves. Such massive populations present economic opportunities for South Asian countries but also leave the regionone already prone to floods and heat wavesmore vulnerable to climate change and the spread of disease. WebPeople and Society South Asia is densely populated and immensely diverse. Pandemics, sudden swings in global liquidity and commodity prices, and extreme weather disasters were once tail-end risks. 0000042665 00000 n 2715 North Charles StreetBaltimore, Maryland, USA 21218. Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan have three of the worlds four largest Muslim populations. 0000011157 00000 n World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use. -- Volume 24, Number 1, April 2009, Editorial Board Government policies have also gone a long way toward improving health in the region. Project MUSE promotes the creation and dissemination of essential humanities and social science resources through collaboration with libraries, publishers, and scholars worldwide. =rJub^#ivFackYh}QY?M 0000003635 00000 n This leads to heightened levels of psychological stress and interference with the identity formation process, especially when a person feels a stronger connection to the dominant western culture. India is home to one billion Hindus, as well as most of the worlds Sikhs, Jains, Zoroastrians, and Bahais. India and the international community have put sustained pressure on Pakistan to reduce its support for militants and terrorists. Finally, instability in and political exclusion from regimes can foster rebellions, even after long periods of apparent stability. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. 3 These data are drawn from MHA annual reports. Since then, other than the Easter bombings by an Islamist cell in 2019, there have not been major acts of anti-state violence. While the Pakistani military is currently riding high politically, its track record over time has included miscalculation and counterproductive policies (for instance, repressing unarmed political movements while tolerating Islamist armed groups that later grew out of control). WebGet Access SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia is an interdisciplinary journal devoted to the study of social and cultural issues in Southeast Asia. The reliability of data from this conflict environment is extremely limited: disappearances, dubious claims about the identity of the dead, extensive human rights abuses, and restricted media and NGO access have been characteristics of the last three decades. %%EOF intergenerational conflict or the stress of adapting into western society, fulfilling career leads to better life satisfaction, Click here to listen to Dont Call Me Resilient, Lecturer in Environmental Art - School of Art and Design. It is a sea change. Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Indias first prime minister, served as prime minister for almost sixteen nonconsecutive years and was a powerful force in Indian politics for decades. While the growing dominance of state power may become a new, enduring status quo, analysts should pay careful attention to potential triggers of new or renewed revolt. Second, interstate politics are shifting in South Asia, opening the possibility of new dynamics of cross-border spillover, proxy warfare, and state sponsorship of armed groups. Despite this heterogeneity, several possible sources of recurring insurgency can be identified, even in an era of increased state power. HS1WRtqmf"g/Ugh+3T*{q`U?o>)Tn0XL&)ZOrST=_7:[rchll^b. PhD Candidate - Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Windsor. It is home to one-quarter of the worlds population spread over just 7 percent of the worlds landmass. 0000002957 00000 n Pakistans counterinsurgency successes have been accompanied by the militarys enduring political power and serious limits on rights. South Asian countries have poor health care systems. Afghanistan has only 2.8 physicians per 10,000 people, Bhutan 3.8, Bangladesh 5.3, and Nepal 6.5, a 10th of the number in more advanced countries. Even India, which has one of the strongest health systems in the region, has only 7.8 physicians per 10,000 people ( Rasul, 2020 ). A map showing the major religion in each country of South Asia. From the viewpoint of economics, the high population growth in South Asia has slowed down economic growth, increased the foreign trade imblance, and worsened Nevertheless, a heavy footprint and intensive counterinsurgency have been par for the course in Kashmir for decades. Religion in South Asia: Diverse But Source of Tension. New forms of state and non-state coercion have become more politically prominent, especially localized mob and vigilante violence, which are often linked to, rather than aimed at, the state and ruling parties. This means that many western-trained therapists may find it difficult to comprehend the deeply ingrained cultural nuances of South Asian communities. 2017-2023 Council on Foreign Relations. This choice is ripped away from many children of South Asian immigrants who end up feeling stuck in careers they do not find meaningful, ultimately leading to a negative impact on their overall mental wellness and relationships. The World Unpacked is a monthly foreign policy podcast that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here. With over two hundred million people, neighboring Pakistan is the sixth-most populous country in the world. Click to reveal While economic distress is weighing down all South Asian countries, some are coping better than others. Exports and the services sector in India, the regions largest economy, have recovered more strongly than the world average while its ample foreign reserves served as a buffer to external shocks. The Indian Army also has an important presence in J&K and the Northeast, contributing to a vast security footprint that can suppress insurgent violence. 0000005234 00000 n Plunged into its worst-ever economic crisis, Sri Lankas real GDP is expected to fall by 9.2 percent this year and a further 4.2 percent in 2023. First, there has been a sizable internal security buildup in India over the last two decades. South Asia is densely populated and immensely diverse. India, for example, is more populous than all of North America and Europe combined. The TAF2020 exercise highlighted six important ways in which Asia is changing, and where we need to apply all of our resources, analytical skills, partnership Data and research help us understand these challenges and set priorities, share knowledge of what works, and measure progress. The fact that much of the Islamist militancy Pakistan has faced in recent years in part arose from the security establishments own past policies has not reduced the militarys heralding of its successes against the TTP.
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