Novelists (such as Edmond About and Prosper Mrime) traveled to remote places in Greece and Corsica, for example, to ground their texts in direct experience and observation. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The more protected an individual was, especially by powerful patrons, as in Sicily, the less he needed to use violence for the meanings it could convey and the more opportunities he had to employ ambiguity and courtesya point noted by many outside observers, although such courtesy must surely have been ironic. The Redbrands, sometimes called the Redbrand Ruffians, were a group of bandits and brigands active in the resettled frontier town of Phandalin and nearby Triboar Trail region in the late 15th century DR. 3 (1990): 7-53. He was born in 1706 in rural Essex, the son of John Turpin, a small farmer. Kther, Carsten. Marco Sciarra, the famous Neapolitan brigand chief of the 1590s, declared himself a "scourge of God and envoy of God against usurers and the possessors of unproductive wealth" (quoted in Hobsbawm, p. 98). Foucault, Michel. The term bandit (introduced to English via Italian around 1776) originates with the early Germanic legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed *bamnan (English ban). Robinson points out that bandits obviously perceived the benefits of supporting rebel cause but they also could be repelled to join; as a result, the 1510s rebels attracted a lot of local bandits and outlaws as they moved from one place to another. In addition to a desire for economic gain, personal and familial conflict drove some men to banditry. Lampio (Virgolino Ferreira da Silva) and Antnio Silvino in Brazil, Po Romero in Bolivia, and Manuel Garca in Cuba became symbols of popular resistance to oppression. That peasants were often misguided and ultimately shifted their loyalties only serves to demonstrate that they are incapable by nature of taking legitimate mass political actionunless, as Rousseau intimated, they are under the leadership of the more enlightened urban elites. LOCATION: central and western part of the Balkan Peninsula (Southeastern Europe) , Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, "Fascism" was the ideology of the movement that, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, seized power in Italy in 1922 and held power until the All, The independent (and sovereign) political community. London, 1972. Popular models of suffering were available in the lives and tortures of saints, and imprisoned bandits could become like saints, especially when they repented. [38], Similarly, small groups of local bandits could also end up joining larger groups of rebels. See alsoGangs; Maroons (Cimarrones); Quiroga, Juan Facundo. Domination by the wealthy forced the rural masses to defend their interests through various means. Banditry, Chivalry, and Terror in German Fiction, 17901830. Now they were seen as living ancestors who inhabited a different time and who had to be tamed in the modern republic. [35] Bandit-rebels were not only common in late Ming. Rather than being champions of the poor, bandits often terrorized and oppressed them. Where there was no (state) law, Rousseau discerned justice; where the people were oppressed, Rousseau anticipated freedom; where the ancien rgime recognized anarchic, bloodthirsty bandits, he discerned exemplary citizens capable of discipline. The absence of what Eric J. Hobsbawm has named "social banditry" in some territories led to the popular idealization of ordinary robbers, interpreting their deeds as a primitive form of social protest. Cruciverba. Paris, 1984. They thus shifted their wealth into land, their pastoral backgrounds proving particularly useful both in co-opting bandits and in suppressing peasant unrest. Thus, terms of venery referred to groups of specific game animals. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass., 1992. Comparative Studies in Society and History 14 (1972): 494503. In addition to the highly developed economy of Beijing, the Region also contained numerous commercial cities; these cities not only attracted merchants but also bandits. Contemporaries regarded bandits as archenemies of the state and a threat to divine order, denying the state monopoly over the possession of arms and sinning against God's eighth commandment. Sixty years later Ronald Reagan publicly referred to members of the Sandinista government as "thugs." Elitist officials typically labeled as bandits any groups that threatened their political monopoly. Franchetti and Sonnino also noted a widespread admiration for bandits among the literati, who romanticized them, and paradoxically among landowners, the most likely to suffer from bandit depredations. . Local codes of behavior such as omert (Sicilian for "silence") obliged individuals to maintain a solidarity of silence and noncooperation with the authorities or risk extreme ostracism and revenge. ." In banditry, as in feuding, from which it in part derives, personalized violence is crucial and finely graded; the intensity of violence, however distasteful to a modern sensibility, suggests a form of control. As in many stateless societies, the distinction between the private and the public (that is, civil society) had limited significance. El bandolerisme catal. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Many bandit groups plagued rural areas, but towns and cities could also be the haunt of the medieval gangster. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Banditry in Europe traditionally appeared in areas where large-scale landholding coexisted with a relatively permanent intermediate strata of leaseholders or freeholders based upon family-sized plots, such as in Sicily, parts of Greece, and Cyprus. If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. Zilberg, Elana. Most of the historical sources on bandits are the words of army or police officers charged with ridding the countryside of such "sores" or "plagues" and are thus highly partial. His letters and broadsides show a clear political agenda, not typical of Hobsbawm's social bandit. Much the same appears to have happened in Andalusia, where absentee landlords were separated from a mass of largely landless laborers and where rural discontent increasingly took class forms. The more marginalized a bandit was, the more dependent he was on protection, the greater the risk of betrayal, and thus the greater the tendency for violence to appear "gratuitous"that is, to signify itself. It was they who made a stand at the Read More asidism Collective Nouns for Mammals Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. Gaunt, William. More than most other social phenomena, the characterization of banditry depends upon how it is approached. Violence and indiscriminate robberies alienated them from the peasantry. He further expanded the field in the 1969 study Bandits. On the Christian side the Knights of St. John, based in Malta, harassed Muslim commercial shipping in the 16th and 17th centuries. Most bandits in Corsica saw themselves as victims; they spoke about their "disgrace," "destiny," and "fate" (poveru disgraziatu). These discourses are often metaphorically constructed, interpreted, and reinterpreted in various ways. 2 vols. Originating with the Greek peirats, meaning brigand, it can be applied to a wide range of nautical misbehavior, including coastal raiding and intercepting ships on high seas. In 1510 and 1511, several bandit gangs under the leadership of Liu Brothers, Tiger Yang raided and plundered Shandong and Henan. German authorities suppressed partisan opposition with maximum force[4] They did not switch sides for financial gain but instead labored for a political, partisan, or regional agenda. There were basic differences between banditry in predominantly agricultural areas and in mountainous pastoral areas. For an analysis of banditry, it may be useful to steer a middle course, borrowing from the various perspectives that treat bandits as primitive social rebels (as Hobsbawm does), as individual opportunists, or as the co-opted henchmen of rural potentates (as Blok does). The Poetics of Manhood. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Moss, David. Hart, David. One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. You should by all means use these collective words to enhance your writing or add a neat flourish to your poetry, but avoid using them as some sort of official scientific designation or (worse) to correct people. [7] In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. Dickie, John. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. When England seized Jamaica from Spain in 1655, the buccaneers resettled there. By the mid-nineteenth century the countryside of Europe's periphery became a theatrical topos where the vicarious fantasies and terrors of an emergent national literate bourgeoisie could be collectivized and enacted in literature. He identifies multiple important factors in peasants' calculation of whether to become bandits or not, such as the government's ability to punish bandits. This interpretation is also problematic since violence reinforces the fragmentation of peasant collective consciousness but is not its direct cause. [20] Policy of transporting nearby garrisons to Beijing for annual training also created opportunities for banditry. Bandits. Although there are examples of lone bandits, bandits tended to form into fluid bands, sometimes of up to twenty persons. Similar views were initially entertained by Byron about the Greek Klephts. The women who shared the roving life of bandits normally did not step outside the generally accepted gender role. Torino, Italy, 1983. New York, 1979. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. This means their equipment is in poor condition, and thus has somewhat lower than average stats. So a murder of crows is one of the coolest (or at least memorable) animal group names. The exact origin isnt well known, though it might allude to the crows association with death. The Redbrands mostly consisted of humans, male and female, although a handful of halflings and bugbears were also in the bandit group. The state is therefore complicit in the construction and interpretation of banditry. Previously bandits were seen as "barbarians" with whom one could coexist, inhabiting the same time, and whose criminality was predictable but religiously condemnable. Louis A. Prez, Jr., sees banditry in western rural Cuba as motivated by peasant resentment of their marginalization by expanding sugar plantations. Blok formulated the "principle" that the more successful a bandit, the greater the protection he enjoyed. Terms of venery is the more official phrase for what we know as collective nouns, nouns of assembly, or names for groups of animals. All other bandit-heroes are much more recent, many of them living in the early modern period. [18] In 1449, Mongolian soldiers in the service of Ming attacked and plundered Beijing area. (They mainly protect the surrounding villages from a group of bandits.) Despite the popular image, polygyny among bandits was the exception and not the rule. Bandits in Peru, Mexico, and Argentina operated in a similar fashion. By applying Norbert Elias's notion of power configurations to his historical anthropological research on Sicily, he suggested that Hobsbawm overemphasized class conflict and romanticized bandits. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. Enter a Crossword Clue. There were so many cimarrn (wild, feral) bandits on the rural roads between central Peru and Salta in Argentina that they became a favorite topic in fiction, such as the short novels of Juana Manuela Gorriti, Gubi Abaya and El ngel cado. Also known as the Bandit Queen, Phoolan Devi was born in 1963 in the north of India into a poor low-caste family. Social Memory. Brigandage moved from being a question of individual barbarism that the state had to extirpate by aggressive actions such as massive repression to one of collective measurement, documentation, education, and economic development. 27 Apr. The four bandits were Yeung Hok-ling, Sun Yat-sen, Chan Siu-bak and Yau Lit. After wars, for example in the eighteenth century, veterans often roamed the country in predatory groups that some peasants regarded as bandits or brigands. Revenge in kind is threatened by the family who made the initial slight. "The Peasant and the Brigand: Social Banditry Reconsidered." [15] Robinson also points out that many eunuchs in Beijing resorted to banditry. In Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian collective imaginary, Manuel Garca's career as a profit-minded bandit antedated his service to the Cuban independence movement. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. [30] Other than escaping to difficult terrains, powerful bandits used their connections with high-standing figures in the capital to negotiate safety. [40], "Bandit" redirects here. Although it would be simplistic to attribute the decline of banditry in the modern world to the state's increasing monopoly of violence, this is certainly important. Privateers sometimes went beyond their commissions, attacking vessels that didnt belong to the targeted country. School here comes from schle, the Dutch word referring to a group, troop, or band. Thats also where you get the word shoal, an alternate collective noun for fish. But betrayal to agents of the state was always a grave danger, unless the individual was protected by powerful interests. Any time people have used the sea for military and commercial purposes, there presumably has been some form of piracy. Thus peasant complicity might be either active or passive but equally significant in both cases. Billy Jaynes Chandler, The Bandit King: Lampio of Brazil (1978). Banditry is a vague concept of criminality and in modern usage can be synonymous for gangsterism, brigandage, marauding, terrorism, piracy and thievery. In the Balkans, the recorded history of haiduks goes back to the fifteenth century, but popular ballads about their lives and deeds did not flourish before the middle of the eighteenth century. They might move from the outside to the inside or vice versa. No group has claimed responsibility for the attacks but witnesses have attributed it to "bandits", the catchall phrase for criminal gangs masterminding frequent bouts of abduction, maiming . There can be no doubt that the discontent of the underprivileged, impoverished, and sometimes marginalized sectors of the population occasionally erupted into popular or mostly local food riots; but it also expressed itself on a smaller scale as "social That power can also be manifested in the paradoxical expressiveness of silencethe unspoken stories that say it all. [3], In Nazi-occupied Europe from 1939 to 1945, the German doctrine of Bandenbekmpfung ("bandit fighting") portrayed opponents of the Greater Germanic Reich as "bandits" dangerous criminals who did not deserve any consideration as human beings. Fentress, James, and Chris Wickham. Tullian and eleven of his associates were ultimately caught and executed. This box-office success, which was later reissued under the completely inappropriate title Sword of Blood, is part of the ongoing popularization and romanticization of the premodern underworld. Church of La Negrita, Our Lady of Angels, Cartago, Costa Rica. In Northern Canada, the term fluffle is also used to refer both to the group of hares and rabbits. Often all these features coexist in particular examples of banditry, although one may be more dominant than the others. A group of bats can be referred to as a colony, cauldron, camp, or cloud. Balboa Navarro, Imilcy. "Fragments of an Economic Theory of the Mafia." Peasant complicity was not always imposed through terror but could also be spontaneous and lucrative. . However, if youre in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. After a short time he left his hiding place and tried his hand at smuggling. Robber bands, however, as well as vagabonds and gypsies traveling in groups of varying sizes, were both more incalculable and more dangerous. A group of swordsmen are called bandits. She married at the age 11 to a man three times her age, but was abandoned by her husband and her family after the marriage broke down. Bandits were recruited from the most mobile segments of peasant society: young unmarried men, landless laborers, migrants, shepherds, ex-soldiers, and deserters. Blok and others interpreted it in instrumental terms: violence ensures peasant submission. Why did bandits steal? Christon Archer coined the term "guerrilla bandits" to describe opportunists who used war as an excuse to pillage. Through the destruction of animals or other property of the offender, or even the killing of some other person, a surrogate victim is created. A group of travelling merchants are called carvans Why. He is still celebrated in German folklore, being idealized as a "social bandit." Richard W. Slatta, ed., Bandidos: The Varieties of Latin American Banditry (1987). As the genesis of banditry was personal, so too was its prosecution. In Sicily, such support was forthcoming from mafiosi (local men of authority who often engaged in illegal activities and protection rackets) or local politicians. Calculated arbitrariness in imposing one's will and extravagant generosity are two aspects of the same phenomenon. These . If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well. Throughout the early modern period, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, affluent travelers and merchants as well as peasants and farmers were afraid of banditry. B for Butterflies A group of butterflies is called a kaleidoscope (and when you imagine a massive group of them all taking wing it's easy to see why!) On the other hand it suggests that ordinary peasants or pastoralists, the source of national folklore and the social stratum from whom bandits were traditionally recruited, possessed the right ethnic sentiments in rejecting foreign authority, exploitation, and other abuses. The major haunts of bandits in the early modern period were the Dalmatian highlands between Venice and Turkey, the vast frontier region of Hungary, Catalonia, the Pyrenees near the French border, and some of the low mountain regions in the Holy Roman Empire (e.g., Spessart, Westerwald). In Anglo-American folklore Dick Turpin (17051739) is the English counterpart of Cartouche. Blok, Anton. Translated by Alan Sheridan. [20] Robinson points out that "dire economic straits" forced soldiers to use illegal means to make a living. The age-old conflict between pastoralists and agriculturalists obliged the former to intimidate peasants, especially in the new Greek state, which radically reduced the amount of land available for pasturage and tried to encourage the expansion of the small peasant cultivator class. Where banditry has persisted, it can clearly be linked to the inability of the state to control the countryside. Two pioneer historians who emphasized the social aspects of banditry were Franco Molfese and Eric Hobsbawm. If they existed in modern day times I'd refer to them as soldiers. See more. Guerrilla banditry became common in Venezuela, Mexico, Cuba, and elsewhere during the wars for independence and civil wars of the nineteenth century. Marginal rural people became guerrilla bandits, drawn to war by coercion or by promises of booty. Property, as a stand-in for its owner, was subjected to an excess of violence, such as the disembowelment of livestock, but not killed. Family feuds, endemic to the Brazilian backlands, moved Lampio to take up the outlaw life. [25], Once they forcefully acquired goods and commodities, bandits had to sell them. Since the nineteenth century there have been two discourses on banditry, intimately tied with the nation-state and its imaginative geography. What does the name Bandit mean? He claimed that, whereas all Europe saw the Corsicans as a horde of bandits, he saw them as a free people capable of discipline. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Argentina's rural poor identified with the persecution suffered by legendary gauchos like Juan Moreira and Martn Fierro. In reality bandits changed sides according to self-interest. -. The population shared with rulers and governments the general feeling that pilfering beggars and occasional stealers of food and wood among the local poor were something one knew how to deal with. Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, J "Banditry . 75107. In Sicily and Greece violent entrepreneurs from pastoral backgrounds managed to create new niches for themselves in the nation-state, especially when the new regime attempted to penetrate the countryside. Most animal studies emphas, Paramilitary Groups. A member of the slighted family, usually a young man, responds with violence, thereby breaking state law, and flees. Bandits required protection in order to survive; otherwise they were quickly killed by the landlords' retainers, the police, or the peasants. Eleodoro Benel (18731927), a bandit leader in northern Cajamarca, Peru, was one of many such grasping, rural petty tyrants whose main goal was self-aggrandizement. Glanz, Rudolf. At her 20s she was subjected to numerous sexual assaults and turned to a life of crime. Davis, John, A. Recent research has revealed that bandits cannot be generally identified with the itinerant population. Thus it was not so much through their lives that bandits generated the sometimes powerful myth of nobility as through their deaths. Encyclopedia.com. Indeed, when used by state authorities, the pejorative "bandits" labels forms of violent resistance they cannot control except by equally brutal repression. All rights reserved. Although fear and protection are critical components of bandit power, they are not a sufficient cause for bandits' sustained prepotency. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. By 1735, London newspapers regularly reported the exploits of Turpin and his "Essex Gang." In its archaic form, venery is a noun that means the sport or act of hunting game beasts; the chase. This comes from the Medieval Latin word venaria, meaning beasts of the chase, game.. [CDATA[ "Bandits and Boundaries in Sardinia." Other famous bandits of the eighteenth century were Nickel List, who was active around 1700 in North Germany, and Lips Tullian, who committed most of his crimes in the Saxon region of Germany. In central and eastern Europe and in the Balkans, it was found in the countryside, in specific conditions (such as following wars and massive dislocations) and in specific periods, especially in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when the modern nation-state was emerging. "The 'Noble Bandit' and the Bandits of the Nobles: Brigandage and Local Community in Nineteenth-Century Andalusia." https://www.britannica.com/story/pirates-privateers-corsairs-buccaneers-whats-the-difference. Such profiteers formed whatever alliances they deemed useful. Peasant idealization of bandits was also variable and a function of their subsequent political evolution.
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